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| Jürgun Stroop |
Jürgun Stroop]
Jürgen Stroop, (September 26, 1895 in Detmold – March 6, 1952 in Warsaw), was an SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS und Polizei, who served as the SS and Police Leader of the Poland-Warsaw area during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943.
Jürgen Stroop was the son of a policeman. After receiving only a basic school education, he became an apprentice with the land register in his home town of Detmold, where he worked until the start of the First World War, when he joined the German armed forces as a volunteer. At the end of the war, he held the rank of a vice staff sergeant. After the war, he returned to work at the land register.
Stroop joined both the SS and the NSDAP in 1932. His career took off during the election campaign of the same year. In 1933, he was appointed leader of the state Auxiliary Police. One year later, he was promoted from the rank of SS-Oberscharführer to the rank of Hauptsturmführer. Subsequently he worked for the SS-administration in Münster and Hamburg. In autumn 1938, he was promoted again, this time to the rank of SS-Standartenführer (colonel). After the invasion of Poland, he served as commander of the SS-section in Gnesen (Gniezno). In May 1941, he changed his name from Josef to Jürgen for ideological reasons .
In April 1943, Heinrich Himmler replaced the chief of the SS and police in the Warsaw district, Obergruppenführer Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg, with Jürgen Stroop. A veteran of World War I, Stroop had more recently been involved in operations against Soviet partisans in the Ukraine and was familiar with the latest techniques in counterguerrilla warfare.
He was responsible for crushing the rebellion in the ghetto; an action which cost the lives of thousands of innocent victims. As his forces were forced back by heavy resistance, he ordered the entire Ghetto burned down, building by building. Afterwards, in a report to Himmler, Stroop boasted that "the Warsaw Ghetto is no more".
He was subsequently SS- and Police Chief in Greece from September - November 1943, then the same position in the Rhine area until the close of the war. After the end of the Second World War, Stroop was found guilty of war crimes and executed in Warsaw by the Polish authorities in 1952.
In the 2001 film Uprising, Jürgen Stroop is depicted by actor Jon Voight. In the film The Eagle Has Landed (1976), Jürgen Stroop is portrayed by German actor Joachim Hansen. The character is simply referred to as "Herr Gruppenführer" and not by Stroop's actual name, although in the source novel by Jack Higgins, Stroop's named is used.
Sources
- [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/strooptest.html Statement by Stroop to Investigators About His Actions in the Warsaw Ghetto]
- [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/uprising1.html Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]
- [http://www.holocaust-history.org/works/stroop-report/htm/intro000.htm The Stroop Report: The Warsaw Ghetto Is No More]
- [http://www.thehistorynet.com/wwii/blgenocide/ Genocide Delayed]
Stroop, Jürgen
Stroop, Jürgen
Stroop, Jürgen
Stroop, Jürgen
September 26September 26 is the 269th day of the year (270th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 96 days remaining.
Events
- 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to his mythical ancestor Venus Genetrix in fulfilment of a vow he made at the battle of Pharsalus.
- 1580 - Sir Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe.
- 1687 - The Parthenon in Athens is partially destroyed after an explosion caused by the bombing from Venetian forces led by Morosini who were besieging the Ottoman Turks stationed in Athens.
- 1777 - British troops occupy Philadelphia, Pennsylvania during the American Revolution.
- 1789 - Thomas Jefferson is appointed the first United States Secretary of State, John Jay is appointed the first Chief Justice of the United States, Samuel Osgood is appointed the first United States Postmaster General, and Edmund Randolph is appointed the first United States Attorney General.
- 1810 - A new Act of Succession is adopted by the Riksdag of the Estates and Jean Baptiste Bernadotte becomes heir to the Swedish throne.
- 1907 - New Zealand and Newfoundland each becomes a dominion of the British Empire.
- 1914 - The US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established by the Federal Trade Commission Act.
- 1918 - World War I: Battle of Meuse.
- 1934 - Steamship RMS Queen Mary is launched.
- 1944 - World War II: Operation Market Garden fails.
- 1950 - United Nations troops recapture Seoul from the North Koreans.
- 1954 - Japanese rail ferry Toya Maru sinks during a typhoon in the Tsugaru Strait, Japan killing 1,172.
- 1957 - Leonard Bernstein's West Side Story opens on Broadway
- 1960 - In Chicago, Illinois, the first televised debate takes place between presidential candidates Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy.
- 1961 - Bob Dylan makes his public debut.
- 1962 - Yemen Arab Republic is proclaimed
- 1962 - Premiere of The Beverly Hillbillies on CBS.
- 1969 - The Chicago Seven trial begins.
- 1969 - The Beatles album Abbey Road is released in the UK.
- 1973 - Concorde makes its first non-stop crossing of the Atlantic in record-breaking time.
- 1970 - The Laguna Fire starts in San Diego County, California, burning 175,425 acres (710 km²).
- 1981 - Baseball: Nolan Ryan sets a Major League record by throwing his fifth no-hitter.
- 1983 - Soviet military officer Stanislav Petrov averts a worldwide nuclear war.
- 1983 - Australia II, the first non-American winner, wins the Americas Cup.
- 1984 - United Kingdom agrees handover of Hong Kong.
- 1988 - Ben Johnson is stripped of his gold medal in the 100 m sprint at the Seoul Olympics for failing a drug test.
- 1991 - Biosphere 2 opens.
- 1996 - Nintendo 64 went on sale in the United States.
- 1997 - A Garuda Indonesia Airbus A-300 crashes near Medan, Indonesia, airport, killing 234
- 1997 - An earthquake strikes the Italian regions of Umbria and the Marche, causing part of the Basilica of St. Francis at Assisi to collapse.
- 2001 - Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 20,000 protesters) police turned violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.
- 2001 - Star Trek: Enterprise begins airing in the US.
- 2002 - The overcrowded Senegalese ferry Joola capsizes off the coast of Gambia killing 1,836 people.
- 2002 - Thirty people are killed in a gun attack at a temple in Gandhinagar, India
- 2002 - Five people are shot dead in a botched bank robbery in Norfolk, Nebraska, United States.
- 2005 - The shock elimination of favoured to win, Teresa Bergman, on New Zealand Idol.
Births
- 1406 - Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (d. 1430)
- 1711 - Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple, English politician (d. 1779)
- 1750 - Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, British admiral (d. 1810)
- 1774 - Johnny Appleseed, American environmentalist (d. 1847)
- 1791 - Théodore Géricault, French painter (d. 1824)
- 1869 - Komitas, Armenian composer (d. 1935)
- 1870 - King Christian X of Denmark (d. 1947)
- 1871 - Winsor McCay, American cartoonist (d. 1934)
- 1873 - Aleksey Shchusev, Russian architect (d. 1949)
- 1874 - Lewis Hine, American photographer and social activist (d. 1940)
- 1875 - Edmund Gwenn, Welsh actor (d. 1959)
- 1876 - Edith Abbott, American social worker, educator, and author (d. 1957)
- 1877 - Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist (d. 1963)
- 1877 - Alfred Cortot, Swiss pianist (d. 1962)
- 1886 - Archibald Vivian Hill, English physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1977)
- 1887 - Antonio Moreno, Spanish-born actor (d. 1967)
- 1887 - Sir Barnes Neville Wallis, British scientist, engineer and inventor (d. 1979)
- 1888 - J. Frank Dobie, American folklorist and newspaper columnist (d. 1964)
- 1888 - T. S. Eliot, American writer and editor, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
- 1889 - Martin Heidegger, German philosopher (d. 1976)
- 1891 - Charles Munch, French conductor and violinist (d. 1968)
- 1895 - George Raft, American actor (d. 1980)
- 1897 - Arthur Rhys Davids, English pilot (d. 1917)
- 1897 - Pope Paul VI (d. 1978)
- 1898 - George Gershwin, American composer (d. 1937)
- 1907 - Anthony Blunt, English art historian and Soviet spy (d. 1983)
- 1907 - Bep van Klaveren, Dutch boxer (d. 1992)
- 1909 - Bill France, Sr., American founder of NASCAR (d. 1992)
- 1914 - Jack LaLanne, American fitness advocate
- 1923 - Dev Anand, Indian actor and film producer
- 1925 - Marty Robbins, American singer (d. 1982)
- 1926 - Masatoshi Koshiba, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1926 - Julie London, American singer and actress (d. 2000)
- 1930 - Fritz Wunderlich, German tenor (d. 1966)
- 1932 - Richard Herd, American actor
- 1932 - Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India
- 1932 - Vladimir Voinovich, Russian writer and dissident
- 1933 - Donna Douglas, American actress
- 1936 - Winnie Mandela, South African anti-apartheid activist
- 1942 - Kent McCord, American actor
- 1943 - Ian Chappell, Australian test cricket player and broadcaster
- 1944 - Anne Robinson, British television host
- 1945 - Bryan Ferry, British singer
- 1946 - Andrea Dworkin, American feminist (d. 2005)
- 1946 - Christine Todd Whitman, American politician
- 1947 - Lynn Anderson, American singer
- 1948 - Olivia Newton-John, Australian singer
- 1949 - Clodoaldo, Brazilian football player
- 1951 - Stuart Tosh, Scottish musician
- 1954 - Kevin Kennedy, baseball manager and television host
- 1956 - Linda Hamilton, American actress
- 1962 - Melissa Sue Anderson, American actress
- 1963 - Lysette Anthony, British actress
- 1967 - Shannon Hoon, American singer (Blind Melon) (d. 1995)
- 1968 - James Caviezel, American actor
- 1973 - Chris Small, Scottish snooker player
- 1974 - Martin Müürsepp, Estonian basketball player
- 1975 - Emma Härdelin, Swedish singer (Garmarna and Triakel)
- 1976 - Michael Ballack, German footballer
- 1976 - Yoshiko Horie, Japanese singer and voice actor.
- 1981 - Christina Milian, American actress and singer
- 1981 - Serena Williams, American tennis player
Deaths
- 1417 - Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (b. 1360)
- 1468 - Juan de Torquemada, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1388)
- 1626 - Wakisaka Yasuharu, Japanese warrior (b. 1554)
- 1763 - John Byrom, English poet (b. 1692)
- 1764 - Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro, Spanish scholar (b. 1767)
- 1802 - Baron Jurij Vega, Slovenian mathematician, physicist, and military officer (b. 1754)
- 1820 - Daniel Boone, American frontiersman (b. 1734)
- 1868 - August Ferdinand Möbius, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1790)
- 1877 - Hermann Grassmann, German mathematician and physicist (b. 1809)
- 1904 - John F. Stairs, Canadian businessman and statesman (b. 1848)
- 1937 - Bessie Smith, American singer (b. 1894)
- 1945 - Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (b. 1881)
- 1947 - Hugh Lofting, British writer (b. 1886)
- 1952 - George Santayana, Spanish philosopher (b. 1863)
- 1965 - James Fitzmaurice, Irish aviation pioneer (b. 1898)
- 1972 - Charles Correll, American radio actor (b. 1890)
- 1976 - Lavoslav Ružička, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887)
- 1978 - Manne Siegbahn, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1886)
- 1984 - John Facenda, American broadcaster and sports announcer (b. 1913)
- 1998 - Betty Carter, American singer (b. 1930)
- 2000 - Richard Mulligan, American actor (b. 1932)
- 2003 - Robert Palmer, British singer (b. 1949)
Holidays and observations
- Calendar of Saints - Sts. Cosmas and Damian
Also see September 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
- Discordianism - Bureflux
- [http://www.ecml.at/edl/ European Day of Languages]
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/26 BBC: On This Day]
----
September 25 - September 27 - August 26 - October 26 - more historical anniversaries
ko:9월 26일
ms:26 September
ja:9月26日
simple:September 26
th:26 กันยายน
1895
1895 was a common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar).
Events
January
- January 5 - Dreyfus Affair: French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his rank and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island.
February
- February 11 - The lowest ever UK temperature of -27.2°C (measured as -17°F) was recorded at Braemar in Aberdeenshire. This record was equalled in 1982.
- February 14 - First showing of Oscar Wilde's last play The Importance of Being Earnest (St. James' Theatre in London).
March
- March 1 - William L. Wilson is appointed United States Postmaster General
- March 3 - In Munich, bicyclists have to pass a test and display license plates
April
- April 6 - Oscar Wilde is arrested after losing a libel case against the Marquess of Queensberry.
- April 14 - a major earthquake severely damages Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- April 17 - The Treaty of Shimonoseki (also known as Treaty of Maguan) was signed between China and Japan. This marks the end of the first Sino-Japanese War, and the defeated Qing Empire is forced to renounce its claims on Korea and to concede the southern portion of the Fengtien province, Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands to Japan.
May
- May 25 - Playwright, poet and novelist Oscar Wilde is convicted of "sodomy and gross indecency" and sentenced to serve two years in a London prison.
June
- June 11 - Britain annexes Togoland
- June 28 - Union of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador begins (ends in 1898).
July
- July 15 - Archie MacLaren scores County Championship record innings of 424 for Lancashire against Somerset at Taunton.
August
- August 19 - American frontier murderer and outlaw, John Wesley Hardin, is killed by an off-duty policeman in a saloon in El Paso, Texas.
- August 29 - The sport of rugby league is formed at a meeting in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, England.
September
- September 3 - The first professional football game is played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe YMCA and the Jeannette Athletic Club. (Latrobe won the contest 12-0.).
- September 18 - Booker T. Washington delivers the Atlanta Compromise Speech.
November
- November 5 - George B. Selden is granted the first U.S. patent for an automobile.
- November 8 - Wilhelm Röntgen discovers a type of radiation later known as X-rays.
- November 27 - At the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Alfred Nobel signs his last will and testament, setting aside his estate to establish the Nobel Prize after he dies (he died of a cerebral hemorrhage on December 10, 1896).
December
- December 28 - Auguste and Louis Lumiere display their first moving picture film in Paris
Unknown date
- Dundela FC were formed in Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposes a space elevator
- Most recent major earthquake in the New Madrid Fault Zone
- Grace Chisholm Young, the first woman awarded a doctorate at a German university
- W.E.B. Du Bois becomes the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University
- Duck Reach Power Station opens
Births
January-March
- January 1 - J. Edgar Hoover, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 1972)
- January 15 - Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- January 21 - Cristobal Balenciaga, Spanish-French couturier (d. 1972)
- January 24 - Eugen Roth, German writer (d. 1976)
- January 30 - Wilhelm Gustloff, German-born Swiss Nazi party leader( d. 1936)
- February 2 - George Halas, American football player, coach, and co-founder of the National Football League (d. 1983)
- February 6 - Babe Ruth, baseball player (d. 1948)
- February 14 - Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (d. 1973)
- February 15 - Earl Thomson, Canadian athlete (d. 1971)
- February 21 - Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Danish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976)
- March 3 - Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
- March 3 - Matthew Ridgway, Commander of NATO, United States Army Chief of Staff (d. 1993)
- March 12 - William C. Lee, U.S. general (d. 1948)
- March 17 - Shemp Howard, American actor and comedian (d. 1955)
- March 20 - Robert Benoist, French race car driver and war hero (d. 1944)
- March 29 - Ernst Jünger, German author (d. 1998)
April-June
- April 1 - Alberta Hunter, American singer (d. 1984)
- April 3 - Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Italian composer (d. 1968)
- April 9 - Mance Lipscomb, American singer (d. 1976)
- April 15 - Clark McConachy, New Zealand snooker and billiards player (d. 1980)
- April 20 - Emile Christian, American musician (d. 1973)
- April 28 - Spencer W. Kimball, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. 1985)
- April 29 - Malcolm Sargent, English conductor (d. 1967)
- May 6 - Rodolfo Valentino, Italian actor (d. 1926)
- May 8 - Fulton J. Sheen, American Catholic archbishop and television personality (d. 1979)
- May 12 - William Giauque, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1982)
- May 15 - William D. Byron, U.S. Congressman (d. 1941)
- May 30 - Nikolai Bulganin, Premier of the Soviet Union (d. 1975)
- May 30 - Maurice Tate, English cricketer (d. 1956)
- June 10 - Hattie McDaniel, American actress (d. 1952)
July-September
- July 8 - Igor Tamm, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
- July 10 - Carl Orff, German composer (d. 1982)
- July 12 - Kirstin Flagstad, Norwegian soprano (d. 1982)
- July 12 - Buckminster Fuller, American architect (d. 1983)
- July 24 - Robert Graves, English writer (d. 1985)
- July 25 - Yvonne Printemps, French singer and actress (d. 1977)
- August 16 - Liane Haid, Austrian actress (d. 2000)
- September 7 - Sir Brian Horrocks, British general (d. 1985)
- September 11 - Vinoba Bhave, Indian religious leader (d. 1982)
- September 24 - André Frédéric Cournand, French-born physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1988)
- September 29 - J.B. Rhine, American parapsychologist (d. 1980)
October-December
- October 2 - Bud Abbott, American actor (d. 1974)
- October 4 - Buster Keaton, American actor and film director (d. 1966)
- October 8 - King Zog of Albania (d. 1961)
- October 19 - Lewis Mumford, American historian (d. 1990)
- October 21 - Edna Purviance, actress (d. 1958)
- October 22 - Rolf Nevanlinna, Finnish mathematician (d. 1980)
- October 25 - Levi Eshkol, Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1969)
- October 30 - Gerhard Domagk, German bacteriologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (declined) (d. 1964)
- October 30 - Dickinson W. Richards, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1973)
- October 31 - Basil Liddell Hart, military historian (d. 1970)
- November 5 - Walter Gieseking, German pianist (d. 1956)
- November 15 - Antoni Słonimski, Polish poet and writer (d. 1976)
- November 16 - Paul Hindemith, German composer (d. 1963)
- November 25 - Wilhelm Kempff, German pianist (d. 1991)
- November 29 - Busby Berkeley, American film director and choreographer (d. 1976)
- December 2 - Harriet Cohen, English pianist (d. 1967)
- December 14 - Paul Eluard, French poet (d. 1952)
- December 14 - King George VI of the United Kingdom (d. 1952)
- Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad, King of Malaysia (d. 1960)
Deaths
- January 9 - Aaron Lufkin Dennison, American watchmaker (b. 1812)
- January 10 - Benjamin Godard, French composer (b. 1849)
- February 2 - Archduke Albert, Austrian general (b. 1817)
- February 20 - Frederick Douglass, American ex-slave and author (b. 1818)
- March 2 - Berthe Morisot, French painter (b. 1841)
- March 10 - Charles Frederick Worth, English-born couturier (b. 1826)
- May 19 - José Martí, Cuban independence leader (b. 1853)
- May 21 - Franz von Suppé, Austrian composer (b. 1819)
- June 29 - Sir Thomas Henry Huxley, English biologist (b. 1825)
- August 5 - Friedrich Engels, German socialist philosopher (b. 1820)
- August 22 - Luzon B. Morris, American politician (b. 1827)
- September 28 - Louis Pasteur, French microbiologist and chemist (b. 1822)
- October 8 - Empress Myeongseong (Queen Min), last Korean empress (b. 1851)
- October 25 - Charles Hallé, German-born pianist and conductor (b. 1819)
- November 27 - Alexandre Dumas, fils, French author and playwright (b. 1824)
Date unknown
- Green Clay Smith, American politician (b. 1826).
Category:1895
ko:1895년
ms:1895
simple:1895
th:พ.ศ. 2438
March 6
March 6 is the 65th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (66th in Leap years). There are 300 days remaining.
Events
- 1447 - Nicholas V becomes Pope.
- 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledged allegiance to Casimir IV of Poland, and the Polish king agreed to help in their struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights.
- 1460 - Treaty of Alcaçovas - Portugal gives the Canary Islands to Castile in exchange for claims in West Africa.
- 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan discovers Guam.
- 1820 - The Missouri Compromise is signed into law by President James Monroe. The compromise allows Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, but makes the rest of the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase territory slavery-free.
- 1834 - York, Upper Canada is incorporated as Toronto.
- 1836 - Texas Revolution: Battle of the Alamo - After a 13-day siege by an army of 3,000 Mexican troops, the 189 Texas volunteers defending the Alamo are defeated and the fort taken.
- 1853 - The Giuseppe Verdi opera La Traviata premieres in Venice.
- 1857 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case.
- 1869 - Dmitri Mendeleev presents the first periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.
- 1899 - Bayer registers aspirin as a trademark.
- 1900 - A coal mine explosion in West Virginia traps 50 coal miners.
- 1901 - In Bremen an assassin attempts to kill Wilhelm II of Germany.
- 1925 - Pionerskaya Pravda, one of the oldest children's newspapers in Europe, is founded
- 1940 - Winter War: An armistice is signed by Finland and the Soviet Union.
- 1946 - Vietnam War: Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union.
- 1947 - USS Newport News, the first air-conditioned naval ship, is launched from Newport News, Virginia.
- 1951 - The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins.
- 1953 - Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Josef Stalin as Premier and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
- 1957 - United Kingdom colonies Gold Coast and Togoland become the independent Republic of Ghana.
- 1957 - Israel withdraws its troops from the Sinai Peninsula
- 1964 - Constantine II becomes King of Greece.
- 1964 - Tom O'Hara sets a new world record for the indoor mile run by completing it in 3 minutes, 56.4 seconds.
- 1970 - Cult leader and suspected murderer Charles Manson releases an album titled Lies to help finance his defense.
- 1975 - Algiers Accord: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement over their border dispute.
- 1981 - After 19 years presenting the CBS Evening News, Walter Cronkite signs off for the last time.
- 1983 - The United States Football League begins its first year of competition.
- 1984 - Twelve-month-long strike in British coal industry begins.
- 1987 - The British ferry M/S Herald of Free Enterprise capsizes in about 90 seconds after leaving the harbour of Zeebrugge, Belgium en route to Dover, England across the English Channel, killing 193.
- 1992 - The Michelangelo computer virus begins to affect computers.
- 1994 - Referendum in Moldova results in the electorate voting against possible reunification with Romania.
- 1997 - Picasso's painting Tete de Femme is stolen from a London gallery, and is recovered a week later.
Births
- 1405 - King John II of Castile (d. 1454)
- 1459 - Jacob Fugger, German banker (d. 1525)
- 1475 - Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian painter (d. 1564)
- 1483 - Francesco Guicciardini, Italian statesman and historian (d. 1540)
- 1495 - Luigi Alamanni, Italian poet (d. 1556)
- 1619 - Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier, poet (d. 1655)
- 1663 - Francis Atterbury, English man of letters (d. 1732)
- 1706 - George Pocock, British admiral (d. 1792)
- 1716 - Pehr Kalm, Finnish explorer and naturalist (d. 1779)
- 1779 - Antoine-Henri Jomini, French general (d. 1869)
- 1787 - Joseph von Fraunhofer, German physicist (d. 1826)
- 1806 - Elizabeth Barrett Browning, English poet (d. 1861)
- 1812 - Aaron Lufkin Dennison American watch manufacturer (d. 1895)
- 1885 - Ring Lardner, American writer (d. 1933)
- 1903 - Empress Nagako of Japan (d. 2000)
- 1904 - Joseph Schmidt, Austrian tenor (d. 1942)
- 1905 - Bob Wills, American singer (d. 1975)
- 1906 - Lou Costello, American actor comedian (d. 1959)
- 1914 - Kiril Kondrashin, Russian conductor (d. 1981)
- 1915 - Pete Gray, American baseball player (d. 2002)
- 1917 - Will Eisner, American illustrator and cartoonist (d. 2005)
- 1923 - Ed McMahon, American television personality
- 1923 - Wes Montgomery, American musician (d. 1968)
- 1926 - Alan Greenspan, American economist
- 1926 - Andrzej Wajda, Polish film director
- 1927 - Gordon Cooper, astronaut (d. 2004)
- 1928 - Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1930 - Lorin Maazel, French-born American conductor
- 1931 - Hal Needham, American stunt man
- 1933 - Ted Abernathy, baseball player (d. 2004)
- 1934 - John Noakes, British television presenter
- 1935 - Ron Delany, Irish athlete
- 1936 - Marion Barry Jr., Mayor of Washington DC
- 1937 - Ivan Boesky, American stock trader
- 1937 - Valentina Tereshkova, cosmonaut
- 1939 - Adam Osborne, British author and computer designer (d. 2003)
- 1940 - Willie Stargell, baseball player
- 1942 - Ben Murphy, American actor
- 1944 - Kiri Te Kanawa, New Zealand soprano
- 1944 - Mary Wilson, American singer (Supremes)
- 1946 - David Gilmour, English musician (Pink Floyd)
- 1947 - Kiki Dee, English singer
- 1947 - Dick Fosbury, American athlete
- 1947 - Martin Kove, American actor
- 1947 - Rob Reiner, American actor, comedian, and film producer
- 1949 - Shaukat Aziz, Prime Minister of Pakistan
- 1949 - Martin Buchan, Scottish footballer
- 1951 - Gerrie Knetemann, Dutch cyclist (d. 2004)
- 1953 - Jan Kjærstad, Norwegian author
- 1953 - Jacklyn Zeman, American actress
- 1955 - Alberta Watson, Canadian actress
- 1959 - Tom Arnold, American actor and comedian
- 1969 - Tari Phillips, American basketball player
- 1972 - Shaquille O'Neal, American basketball player
- 1976 - Ken Kennedy(Anderson), Professional wrestler
- 1979 - Tim Howard, American soccer player
Deaths
1252 to 1899
- 1252 - Saint Rose of Viterbo, Italian saint (b. 1235)
- 1490 - Ivan the Young, Ruler of Tver (b. 1458)
- 1531 - Pedrarias Dávila, Spanish conquistador
- 1627 - Krzysztof Zbaraski, Polish statesman (b. 1580)
- 1754 - Henry Pelham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1694)
- 1758 - Henry Vane, 1st Earl of Darlington, English politician
- 1764 - Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1690)
- 1796 - Guillaume Thomas François Raynal, French writer (b. 1713)
- 1836 - Davy Crockett, American frontiersman (b. 1786)
- 1854 - Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, British soldier and politician (b. 1778)
- 1888 - Louisa May Alcott, American novelist (b. 1832)
- 1895 - Camilla Collett, Norwegian writer and feminist (b. 1813)
- 1899 - Victoria Kaiulani, Hawaiian princess (b. 1875)
1900 to 1999
- 1905 - John Henninger Reagan, American Confederate politician (b. 1818)
- 1932 - John Philip Sousa, American band leader, conductor, and composer (b. 1854)
- 1933 - Anton Cermak, Mayor of Chicago (b. 1873)
- 1941 - Gutzon Borglum, Danish sculptor (b. 1867)
- 1948 - Ross Lockridge, Jr., American novelist (b. 1914)
- 1950 - Albert Lebrun, President of France (b. 1871)
- 1951 - Ivor Novello, Welsh actor, musician, and composer (b. 1893)
- 1961 - George Formby, British comedian and singer (b. 1904)
- 1964 - King Paul of Greece (b. 1901)
- 1965 - Margaret Dumont, American actress (b. 1889)
- 1967 - John Haden Badley, author and educator (b. 1865)
- 1967 - Nelson Eddy, American singer and actor (b. 1901)
- 1967 - Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian composer (b. 1882)
- 1969 - Nadya Rusheva, Russian painter (b. 1952)
- 1970 - William Hopper, American actor (b. 1915)
- 1971 - Thurston Dart, English harpsichordist and conductor (B. 1921)
- 1973 - Pearl S. Buck, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
- 1976 - Max 'Slapsie Maxie' Rosenbloom, American boxer and actor (b. 1903)
- 1981 - George Geary, English cricketer (b. 1893)
- 1982 - Ayn Rand, Russian-American author, (b. 1905)
- 1985 - Henry Wilcoxon, Dominican actor (b. 1905)
- 1986 - Georgia O'Keeffe, American artist, (b. 1887)
- 1993 - Douglas Marland, American writer (b. 1935)
- 1994 - Melina Mercouri, Greek actress, political activist, and politician (b. 1920)
- 1997 - Cheddi Jagan, President of Guyana (b. 1918)
- 1997 - Michael Manley, Prime Minister of Jamaica (b. 1924)
2000 onwards
- 2000 - John Colicos, Canadian actor (b. 1928)
- 2001 - Kim Walker, American actress (b. 1968)
- 2003 - John Sanford, American author (b. 1904)
- 2004 - Frances Dee, American actress (b. 1909)
- 2005 - Hans Bethe, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- 2005 - Tommy Vance, British radio disc jockey (b. 1943)
Holidays and observances
- In 2004, the Jewish holiday of Purim begins.
- In Ghana, March 6 is the national independence day
- Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom (2005)
- Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday of the season of Lent in the Christian liturgical calendar. (2005)
- Casimir Pulaski Day in Illinois (2006, first Monday of March)
External links
- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/6 BBC: On This Day]
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March 5 - March 7 - February 6 - April 6 -- listing of all days
ko:3월 6일
ja:3月6日
simple:March 6
th:6 มีนาคม
1952
1952 (MCMLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will take you to calendar).
Events
January
- January 8 - West Germany has 8 million refugees inside its borders.
- January 24 - Sudden heavy snowfall in Algeria.
- January 24 - Vincent Massey sworn in as first Canada-born Governor-General of Canada.
February
Governor-General of Canada and her mother, Queen Elizabeth at the funeral of King George VI.]]
- February 2 - A tropical storm forms just north of Cuba moving northeast. The storm makes landfall in southern Florida the next day. It is the earliest reported landfall from a tropical storm, and the earliest formation of a tropical storm on record in the Atlantic basin.
- February 6 - Elizabeth II becomes Queen upon the death of her father George VI.
- February 6 - In the United States, a mechanical heart is used for the first time in a human patient.
- February 14 to February 25 - Winter Olympics in Oslo
- February 15 - Funeral of King George VI takes place at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.
- February 16 - Roman Catholic Diocese of Baker formed in Eastern Oregon.
- February 20 - Emmett L. Ashford becomes the first African-American umpire in organized baseball by being authorized to be a substitute umpire in the Southwestern International League.
- February 21 - Winston Churchill scraps UK compulsory national Identity Cards
- February 26 - United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill announces that his nation has an atomic bomb.
March
- May 7-12 - Marcel Bardiauc sails through Kap Horn
- March 10 - General Fulgencio Batista takes power in Cuba - again
- March 15 to 16 - 73 inches (1,870mm) of rain falls in Cilaos, Réunion, the most rainfall ever in one day
- March 20 - The United States Senate ratifies a peace treaty with Japan.
- March 21 - The last two executions in the Netherlands take place.
- March 21 - Dr Kwame Nkrumah elected the Prime Minister of the Gold Coast
- March 27 - Failed assassination attempt against Konrad Adenauer
April
- April 4 - In Hague tribunal, Israel demands reparations worth 3 billion dollars from Germany.
- April 18 - Bolivia National Revolution: universal vote enables indigenous and women to vote, nationalisation of mines and agrarian reform.
- April 18 - West Germany and Japan form diplomatic relations.
- April 23 - Nuclear test in Nevada desert.
- April 28 - The Treaty of San Francisco goes into effect, formally ending the occupation of Japan.
- April 28 - Treaty of Taipei (Treaty of Peace between Japan and t
May
- May 1 - East Germany threatens to form its own army.
- May 2 - First passenger jet flight route between London and Johannesburg
- May 3 - U.S. lieutenant colonels Joseph O. Fletcher and William P. Benedict land a plane at the geographic North Pole.
- May 6 - Farouk of Egypt had himself announced as a descendant of prophet Muhammad.
- May 13 - Pandit Nehru forms his first government
- May 15 - Diplomatic relations established between the governments of Israel and Japan at the level of Legations.
June
- June 1 - Catholic church bans books of André Gide.
- June 5 - Remains of a Viking ship found near Boston, Massachusetts.
- June 14 - The keel is laid for the U.S. nuclear submarine USS Nautilus.
- June 15 - The Diary of Anne Frank published.
- June 21 - U.S. launches the first nuclear submarine USS Nautilus.
- June 29 - Finnish Armi Kuusela wins the title of Miss Universe.
- June 30 - Marshall Aid ends.
July
- July 13 - East Germany announces formation of its people's army.
- July 19 to August 3 - The Summer Olympic Games are held in Helsinki.
- July 23 - General Mohammed Naguib leads The Free Officers (formed by Gamal Abdel Nasser - the real power behind the coup) in the overthrow of King Farouk of Egypt.
- July 25 - Puerto Rico becomes a self-governing commonwealth of the United States.
- July 26 - Military coup in Egypt ousts King Farouk.
August
Farouk, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands form the European Coal and Steel community, the foundation organisation what will become the European Union.]]
- August 10 - Establishment of the European Coal and Steel community.
- August 11 - Jordanian army forces king Talal to resign due to mental illness - his successor is his son Hussein of Jordan.
- August 13 - Japan joins IMF.
- August 14 - West Germany joins IMF.
- August 14 - West Germany joins World Bank.
- August 16 - Lynmouth in North Devon England is devastated by floods, death toll of 34.
- August 26 - British passenger jet flies twice over Atlantic Ocean in the same day.
- August 27 - Reparation negotiations between West Germany and Israel end in Luxembourg - Germany will pay 3 billion Deutsche Marks.
- August 29 - Premiere of John Cage's 4' 33" in Woodstock, New York.
- August 30 - Last Finnish war reparations to Soviet Union.
September
- September 2 - Dr. C. Walton Lillehei and Dr. F. John Lewis perform first open-heart surgery at the University of Minnesota.
- September 4 - September 9 - Thick smog in London, England causes 4,000 fatalities.
- September 18 - Soviet Union vetoes Japan's application for membership in the United Nations.
October
- October 8 - Negotiations of ceasefire in Korea are postponed.
- October 8 - Three-train crash in Harrow railway station in England - 110 dead.
- October 14 - United Nations begins work in the new United Nations building in New York City
- October 19 - Alain Bombard begins to sail from Canary Islands to Barbados in 65 days; he reaches them December 23
- October 20 - Martial law in Kenya due to Mau Mau uprising.
November
- November 1 - Nuclear testing: Operation Ivy - The United States successfully detonates the first hydrogen bomb, codenamed "Mike" ["m" for megaton], at Eniwetok island in the Bikini atoll located in the Pacific Ocean.
- November 4 - 8.25 Richter scale earthquake in Kamchatka
- November 4 - U.S. presidential election, 1952: Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democrat Adlai Stevenson (correctly predicted by UNIVAC computer).
- November 18 - Jomo Kenyatta is arrested in Kenya for alleged connection to Mau Mau uprising
- November 20 - Fireball crashes in a backyard in Havelock North, New Zealand
- November 20 - First official passenger flight over the North Pole from Los Angeles to Copenhagen
- November 21 - Show trial in Czechoslovakia sentences 11 ex-communist officials to death - all of them Jews.
- November 25 - Agatha Christie's murder-mystery play The Mousetrap opens at the Ambassadors Theatre in London; as of 2004, it continues, next door at the St. Martin's Theatre, and remains the longest continuously running production of a play in history.
- November 29 - Korean War: Newly-elected U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfills a political campaign promise by traveling to Korea to find out what can be done to end the conflict.
December
- December 1 - The New York Daily News carries a front page story announcing that Christine Jorgensen, a transsexual woman in Denmark became the recipient of the first successful sexual reassignment operation.
- December 4 - Great Smog of 1952: A "killer fog" descends on London ("Smog" for "smoke" and "fog" becomes a word).
- December 14 - First successful surgical separation of Siamese twins in Mount Sinai Hospital, Ohio.
- December 25 - Shooting incident in West Berlin - one West German soldier is killed
- December 26 - Joseph Ivor Linton, first Israeli Minister Plenipotentiary in Japan, presents his credentials to the Japanese Emperor.
Undated events
- 3300 die of polio in U.S.; 57,000 children are paralyzed
- National Security Agency founded
- Winston Churchill scraps UK compulsory national Identity Cards
- Cold War over Germany's frontiers intensify
- Sister Theresa becomes Mother Theresa and begins her charity work in Calcutta
- Charles Chaplin expelled from U.S.
- Cheez Whiz introduced
- Traffic lights in New York City
- Wernher von Braun talks about a manned flight to Mars.
- Nordic Council agrees free transport of people, goods and services throughout the Nordic Countries.
- National Prohibition Foundation incorporated.
Births
January-March
- January 11 - Ben Crenshaw, American golfer
- January 11 - Lee Ritenour, jazz guitarist and composer
- January 20 - Paul Stanley, American musician (KISS
Schutzstaffel:For other uses of the abbreviation SS, see SS (disambiguation)
SS (disambiguation)
The (Protective Squadron), or SS, was a large paramilitary organization that was a principal component of the Nazi party. The SS was led by Heinrich Himmler from 1929 until it was disbanded in 1945 with the defeat of Germany in World War II. The Nazis regarded the SS as an elite unit, the Party's "praetorian guard", with all SS personnel selected on racial and ideological grounds. The SS was distinguished from the German military, Nazi Party, and German state officials by their own SS ranks, SS unit insignia, and SS uniforms. The SS played a key role in The Holocaust: SS Einsatzgruppen units massacred over one million civilians, mostly Jews, in mass shootings; SS leader Heinrich Himmler was one of the chief architects of the Final Solution; and SS units rounded up Jews and ran the concentration camps and extermination camps in which millions of Jews, Poles, and Roma were killed.
The SS fighting units, called the Waffen-SS, were to evolve into a second German army outside the regular Heer.
The most recognizable branches of the SS, later charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity, were the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA, Reich Security Head Office), Sicherheitsdienst (SD, Security Service), Einsatzgruppen (Special Mission Groups), the concentration camp service known as the SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV, Death's Head Formations), and the Gestapo (Secret State Police).
After the war the judges of Nuremberg Trials declared the entirety of the SS as a criminal organization, because of its implementation of racial policies of genocide in The Holocaust, among other reasons.
Naming Conventions
There is some controversy and confusion as to the name of the SS in English. This is in part due to a changing name over time, the fact that the word comes from another language (German), and perhaps also because it is an abbreviation.
The first confusion relates to the usage of the singular form Schutzstaffel. During the creation of the SS the correct term was Schutzstaffeln der NSDAP. Schutzstaffeln is the plural form of Schutzstaffel, ie "Protective Squadrons". "Der" is the genitive form of the feminine definite article, meaning "of the (Nazi party)". The NSDAP is the abbreviation for the Nazi Party, Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei translating to National Socialist German Workers' Party in English.
Therefore in German Schutzstaffeln der NSDAP would be correct; Schutzstaffel would only refer to one particular "Squadron" and individuals referring to the SS rarely are refering to a specific Squadron. Omitting the NSDAP would remove the term from its appropriate context and while being mechanically incorrect, most Germans would know to what one is referring.
However, SS became the actual name of the organization after the SS became an independant organization within the Nazi Party in 1934. References to Schutzstaffeln der NSDAP were not used after this time by the SS itself. Further confusion seems to develop from documents used at the Nuremburg Trials that use the term Schutzstaffeln. So post-1934 SS is the most accurate transliteration.
History of the SS
Origins
The predecessor to the SS was first formed in 1923 as a company of the Sturmabteilung (SA) tasked with protecting senior leaders of the Nazi Party at rallies, speeches and other public events. Commanded by Emil Maurice, and known as the Stabswache (Staff Guard), the original group consisted of 8 men and was modeled after the Erhardt Naval Brigade, a violent Freikorps of the time.
After the failed 1923 Putsch by the Nazi Party, the SA and the Stabswache were abolished, yet returned in 1925. At that time the Stabswache was reestablished as the Stosstrupp Adolf Hitler tasked with the personal protection of Hitler at Nazi Party functions and events. That same year, the Stosstrupp was expanded to a national level, and renamed as the Schutzstaffel. The new SS was delegated to be a protection company of various Nazi Party Leaders throughout Germany.
Development
Between 1925 and 1929, the SS was considered merely a battalion of the Sturmabteilung and numbered no more than 280 personnel. On January 6, 1929 Hitler appointed Heinrich Himmler as the leader of the SS and, by the end of 1932 the SS had 52,000 members; by the end of next year, it had over 209,000 members. Himmler's expansion of the SS was based on models from other groups, such as the Knights Templar, Jesuit Order, and the Italian Blackshirts.
Before 1932, the SS wore the same uniform as the SA, except for a black tie and a black cap with a Totenkopf death's head symbol on it. Later they adopted a black uniform and then, just before the war, a dove grey uniform. The Waffen ("armed") SS wore a field grey (feldgrau) uniform similar to the Reichsheer. During the war Waffen-SS units wore a range of camouflage uniforms (platanenmuster, telo mimetico, erbenmuster etc.). In 1945 some were issued with uniforms in the leibermuster disruptive pattern that were the predecessors to most of modern battledress.
Their motto was "Meine Ehre heißt Treue ("My honor is called loyalty.") The SS rank system was unique in that it did not copy the terms used in the Wehrmacht, but instead used the ranks of the SA.
Heinrich Himmler, together with his right-hand man < | | |
